diff --git a/target/arm/debug_helper.c b/target/arm/debug_helper.c
index c3c1eb5f62..36bffde74e 100644
--- a/target/arm/debug_helper.c
+++ b/target/arm/debug_helper.c
@@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ static CPAccessResult access_tdcc(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
                                           (env->cp15.mdcr_el3 & MDCR_TDCC);
 
     if (el < 1 && mdscr_el1_tdcc) {
-        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
     }
     if (el < 2 && (mdcr_el2_tda || mdcr_el2_tdcc)) {
         return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL2;
diff --git a/target/arm/helper.c b/target/arm/helper.c
index 535870f69a..aacb53d31a 100644
--- a/target/arm/helper.c
+++ b/target/arm/helper.c
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ static CPAccessResult pmreg_access(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
     uint64_t mdcr_el2 = arm_mdcr_el2_eff(env);
 
     if (el == 0 && !(env->cp15.c9_pmuserenr & 1)) {
-        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
     }
     if (el < 2 && (mdcr_el2 & MDCR_TPM)) {
         return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL2;
@@ -2159,7 +2159,7 @@ static CPAccessResult teehbr_access(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
                                     bool isread)
 {
     if (arm_current_el(env) == 0 && (env->teecr & 1)) {
-        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
     }
     return teecr_access(env, ri, isread);
 }
@@ -2239,7 +2239,7 @@ static CPAccessResult gt_cntfrq_access(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
             cntkctl = env->cp15.c14_cntkctl;
         }
         if (!extract32(cntkctl, 0, 2)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
         break;
     case 1:
@@ -2278,7 +2278,7 @@ static CPAccessResult gt_counter_access(CPUARMState *env, int timeridx,
 
         /* CNT[PV]CT: not visible from PL0 if EL0[PV]CTEN is zero */
         if (!extract32(env->cp15.c14_cntkctl, timeridx, 1)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
         /* fall through */
     case 1:
@@ -2319,7 +2319,7 @@ static CPAccessResult gt_timer_access(CPUARMState *env, int timeridx,
          * EL0 if EL0[PV]TEN is zero.
          */
         if (!extract32(env->cp15.c14_cntkctl, 9 - timeridx, 1)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
         /* fall through */
 
@@ -4499,7 +4499,7 @@ static CPAccessResult aa64_daif_access(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
                                        bool isread)
 {
     if (arm_current_el(env) == 0 && !(arm_sctlr(env, 0) & SCTLR_UMA)) {
-        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+        return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
     }
     return CP_ACCESS_OK;
 }
@@ -4589,9 +4589,9 @@ static CPAccessResult aa64_cacheop_poc_access(CPUARMState *env,
     /* Cache invalidate/clean to Point of Coherency or Persistence...  */
     switch (arm_current_el(env)) {
     case 0:
-        /* ... EL0 must UNDEF unless SCTLR_EL1.UCI is set.  */
+        /* ... EL0 must trap to EL1 unless SCTLR_EL1.UCI is set.  */
         if (!(arm_sctlr(env, 0) & SCTLR_UCI)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
         /* fall through */
     case 1:
@@ -4609,9 +4609,9 @@ static CPAccessResult do_cacheop_pou_access(CPUARMState *env, uint64_t hcrflags)
     /* Cache invalidate/clean to Point of Unification... */
     switch (arm_current_el(env)) {
     case 0:
-        /* ... EL0 must UNDEF unless SCTLR_EL1.UCI is set.  */
+        /* ... EL0 must trap to EL1 unless SCTLR_EL1.UCI is set.  */
         if (!(arm_sctlr(env, 0) & SCTLR_UCI)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
         /* fall through */
     case 1:
@@ -4651,7 +4651,7 @@ static CPAccessResult aa64_zva_access(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
                 }
             } else {
                 if (!(env->cp15.sctlr_el[1] & SCTLR_DZE)) {
-                    return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+                    return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
                 }
                 if (hcr & HCR_TDZ) {
                     return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL2;
@@ -6073,7 +6073,7 @@ static CPAccessResult ctr_el0_access(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
                 }
             } else {
                 if (!(env->cp15.sctlr_el[1] & SCTLR_UCT)) {
-                    return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+                    return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
                 }
                 if (hcr & HCR_TID2) {
                     return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL2;
@@ -6372,7 +6372,7 @@ static CPAccessResult access_tpidr2(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
     if (el == 0) {
         uint64_t sctlr = arm_sctlr(env, el);
         if (!(sctlr & SCTLR_EnTP2)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
     }
     /* TODO: FEAT_FGT */
@@ -7172,7 +7172,7 @@ static CPAccessResult access_scxtnum(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
             if (hcr & HCR_TGE) {
                 return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL2;
             }
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
     } else if (el < 2 && (env->cp15.sctlr_el[2] & SCTLR_TSCXT)) {
         return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL2;
@@ -7292,7 +7292,7 @@ static CPAccessResult access_predinv(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
     if (el == 0) {
         uint64_t sctlr = arm_sctlr(env, el);
         if (!(sctlr & SCTLR_EnRCTX)) {
-            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP;
+            return CP_ACCESS_TRAP_EL1;
         }
     } else if (el == 1) {
         uint64_t hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff(env);