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Wiki Update part 5 (#9873)
* BASE * precise wall and z moved * PolyHoles * Arc-fitting * X-Y Compensation * Elephant foot + moved images * Update quality_settings_precision.md * Wall generator and more * Full Reorder * TPMS-D bases * Update strength_settings_infill.md * Image Fix + Infill desc calculator * Descriptions + image fix Co-Authored-By: Rodrigo <162915171+RF47@users.noreply.github.com> * Update cornering-calib.md * minor fixes * Wip updated * Missing fills * Update infill_desc_calculator.xlsx * Update infill_desc_calculator.xlsx * Update infill documentation and images Removed outdated 'iso' infill images and updated 'top' infill images with new versions. Added new images for adaptive cubic and 2D honeycomb infill patterns. Updated strength_settings_infill.md to revise infill strength values, descriptions, and remove references to deleted images. Introduced documentation for 2D honeycomb infill and made minor corrections and clarifications throughout. * Revise infill pattern documentation and add comparison table Updated strength_settings_infill.md to clarify infill density calculation, add a comprehensive comparison table of infill patterns, and standardize terminology for strength and print time. Expanded pattern descriptions to use qualitative strength ratings instead of numeric values. Updated infill_desc_calculator.xlsx to reflect these changes. * Indentation in code examples Adjusted the indentation of code blocks in the cornering calibration documentation for clarity and consistency with the rest of the document. * Update 3D Honeycomb infill strength ratings Adjusted the horizontal strength rating for 3D Honeycomb infill from 'Normal' to 'Normal-High' in the strength settings documentation and table. Updated the infill_desc_calculator.xlsx file to reflect these changes. * Formatting and fix in ERS documentation Updated headings to use consistent Markdown syntax, improved clarity in explanations, and reworded references for better readability. * Fix wall generator doc link and filename Updated the Home.md to reference the correct 'quality_settings_wall_generator' section and renamed the corresponding documentation file for consistency. --------- Co-authored-by: Rodrigo <162915171+RF47@users.noreply.github.com>
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# Calibration Guide
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This guide offers a structured and comprehensive overview of the calibration process for Orca Slicer.
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It covers key aspects such as flow rate, pressure advance, temperature towers, retraction tests, and advanced calibration techniques. Each section includes step-by-step instructions and visuals to help you better understand and carry out each calibration effectively.
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To access the calibration features, you can find them in the **Calibration** section of the Orca Slicer interface.
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> [!IMPORTANT]
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> After completing the calibration process, remember to create a new project in order to exit the calibration mode.
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The recommended order for calibration is as follows:
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1. **[Temperature](temp-calib):** Start by calibrating the temperature of the nozzle and the bed. This is crucial as it affects the viscosity of the filament, which in turn influences how well it flows through the nozzle and adheres to the print bed.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/Temp-calib/temp-tower.jpg?raw=true" alt="temp-tower" height="200">
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2. **[Flow](flow-rate-calib):** Calibrate the flow rate to ensure that the correct amount of filament is being extruded. This is important for achieving accurate dimensions and good layer adhesion.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/Flow-Rate/flowrate-pass1.jpg?raw=true" alt="flowrate-pass1" height="200">
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1. **[Pressure Advance](pressure-advance-calib):** Calibrate the pressure advance settings to improve print quality and reduce artifacts caused by pressure fluctuations in the nozzle.
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- **[Adaptative Pressure Advance](adaptive-pressure-advance-calib):** This is an advanced calibration technique that can be used to further optimize the pressure advance settings for different print speeds and geometries.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/pa-tower.jpg?raw=true" alt="pa-tower" height="200">
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2. **[Retraction](retraction-calib):** Calibrate the retraction settings to minimize stringing and improve print quality. Doing this after Flow and
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/retraction/retraction_test_print.jpg?raw=true" alt="Retraction" height="200">
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3. **[Tolerance](tolerance-calib):** Calibrate the tolerances of your printer to ensure that it can accurately reproduce the dimensions of the model being printed. This is important for achieving a good fit between parts and for ensuring that the final print meets the desired specifications.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/Tolerance/OrcaToleranceTes_m6.jpg?raw=true" alt="Tolerance" height="200">
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4. **[Max Volumetric Speed](volumetric-speed-calib):** Calibrate the maximum volumetric speed of the filament. This is important for ensuring that the printer can handle the flow rate of the filament without causing issues such as under-extrusion or over-extrusion.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/vmf_measurement_point.jpg?raw=true" alt="Max_Volumetric_Speed" height="200">
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5. **[Cornering](cornering-calib):** Calibrate the Jerk/Junction Deviation settings to improve print quality and reduce artifacts caused by sharp corners and changes in direction.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/JunctionDeviation/jd_second_print_measure.jpg?raw=true" alt="Cornering" height="200">
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6. **[Input Shaping](input-shaping-calib):** This is an advanced calibration technique that can be used to reduce ringing and improve print quality by compensating for mechanical vibrations in the printer.
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<img src="https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/images/InputShaping/IS_damp_marlin_print_measure.jpg?raw=true" alt="Input_Shaping" height="200">
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### VFA
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Vertical Fine Artifacts (VFA) are small artifacts that can occur on the surface of a 3D print, particularly in areas where there are sharp corners or changes in direction. These artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors, including mechanical vibrations, resonance, and other factors that can affect the quality of the print.
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Because of the nature of these artifacts the methods to reduce them can be mechanical such as changing motors, belts and pulleys or with advanced calibrations such as Jerk/[Junction Deviation](junction-deviation) corrections or [Input Shaping](input-shaping).
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---
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_Credits:_
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- _The Flowrate test and retraction test is inspired by [SuperSlicer](https://github.com/supermerill/SuperSlicer)._
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- _The PA Line method is inspired by [K-factor Calibration Pattern](https://marlinfw.org/tools/lin_advance/k-factor.html)._
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- _The PA Tower method is inspired by [Klipper](https://www.klipper3d.org/Pressure_Advance.html)._
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- _The temp tower model is remixed from [Smart compact temperature calibration tower](https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2729076)._
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- _The max flowrate test was inspired by Stefan (CNC Kitchen), and the model used in the test is a remix of his [Extrusion Test Structure](https://www.printables.com/model/342075-extrusion-test-structure)._
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- _ZV Input Shaping is inspired by [Marlin Input Shaping](https://marlinfw.org/docs/features/input_shaping.html) and [Ringing Tower 3D STL](https://marlinfw.org/assets/stl/ringing_tower.stl)._
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- _ChatGPT_ ;)
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# Adaptive Pressure Advance
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This feature aims to dynamically adjust the printer’s pressure advance to better match the conditions the toolhead is facing during a print. Specifically, to more closely align to the ideal values as flow rate, acceleration, and bridges are encountered.
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This wiki page aims to explain how this feature works, the prerequisites required to get the most out of it as well as how to calibrate it and set it up.
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## Settings Overview
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This feature introduces the below options under the filament settings:
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1. **Enable adaptive pressure advance:** This is the on/off setting switch for adaptive pressure advance.
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2. **Enable adaptive pressure advance for overhangs:** Enable adaptive PA for overhangs as well as when flow changes within the same feature. This is an experimental option because if the PA profile is not set accurately, it will cause uniformity issues on the external surfaces before and after overhangs. It is recommended to start with this option switched off and enable it after the core adaptive pressure advance feature is calibrated correctly.
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3. **Pressure advance for bridges:** Sets the desired pressure advance value for bridges. Set it to 0 to disable this feature. Experiments have shown that a lower PA value when printing bridges helps reduce the appearance of slight under extrusion immediately after a bridge, which is caused by the pressure drop in the nozzle when printing in the air. Therefore, a lower pressure advance value helps counteract this. A good starting point is approximately half your usual PA value.
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4. **Adaptive pressure advance measurements:** This field contains the calibration values used to generate the pressure advance profile for the nozzle/printer. Input sets of pressure advance (PA) values and the corresponding volumetric flow speeds and accelerations they were measured at, separated by a comma. Add one set of values per line. More information on how to calibrate the model follows in the sections below.
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5. **Pressure advance:** The old field is still needed and is required to be populated with a PA value. A “good enough” median PA value should be entered here, as this will act as a fallback value when performing tool changes, printing a purge/wipe tower for multi-color prints as well as a fallback in case the model fails to identify an appropriate value (unlikely but it’s the ultimate backstop).
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## Pre-Requisites
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This feature has been tested with Klipper-based printers. While it may work with Marlin or Bambu lab printers, it is currently untested with them. It shouldn’t adversely affect the machine; however, the quality results from enabling it are not validated.
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**Older versions of Klipper used to stutter when pressure advance was changed while the toolhead was in motion. This has been fixed with the latest Klipper firmware releases. Therefore, make sure your Klipper installation is updated to the latest version before enabling this feature, in order to avoid any adverse quality impacts.**
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Klipper firmware released after July 11th, 2024 (version greater than approximately v0.12.0-267) contains the above fix and is compatible with adaptive pressure advance. If you are upgrading from an older version, make sure you update both your Klipper installation as well as reflash the printer MCU’s (main board and toolhead board if present).
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## Use case (what to expect)
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Following experimentation, it has been noticed that the optimal pressure advance value is less:
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1. The faster you print (hence the higher the volumetric flow rate requested from the toolhead).
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2. The larger the layer height (hence the higher the volumetric flow rate requested from the toolhead).
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3. The higher the print acceleration is.
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What this means is that we never get ideal PA values for each print feature, especially when they vary drastically in speed and acceleration. We can tune PA for a faster print speed (flow) but compromise on corner sharpness for slower speeds or tune PA for corner sharpness and deal with slight corner-perimeter separation in faster speeds. The same goes for accelerations as well as different layer heights.
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This compromise usually means that we settle for tuning an "in-between" PA value between slower external features and faster internal features so we don't get gaps, but also not get too much bulging in external perimeters.
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**However, what this also means is that if you are printing with a single layer height, single speed, and acceleration, there is no need to enable this feature.**
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Adaptive pressure advance aims to address this limitation by implementing a completely different method of setting pressure advance. **Following a set of PA calibration tests done at different flow rates (speeds and layer heights) and accelerations, a pressure advance model is calculated by the slicer.** Then that model is used to emit the best fit PA for any arbitrary feature flow rate (speed) and acceleration used in the print process.
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In addition, it means that you only need to tune this feature once and print across different layer heights with good PA performance.
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Finally, if during calibration you notice that there is little to no variance between the PA tests, this feature is redundant for you. **From experiments, high flow nozzles fitted on high-speed core XY printers appear to benefit the most from this feature as they print with a larger range of flow rates and at a larger range of accelerations.**
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### Expected results:
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With this feature enabled there should be absolutely no bulge in the corners, just the smooth rounding caused by the square corner velocity of your printer.
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In addition, seams should appear smooth with no bulging or under extrusion.
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Solid infill should have no gaps, pinholes, or separation from the perimeters.
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Compared to with this feature disabled, where the internal solid infill and external-internal perimeters show signs of separation and under extrusion, when PA is tuned for optimal external perimeter performance as shown below.
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## How to calibrate the adaptive pressure advance model
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### Defining the calibration sets
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Firstly, it is important to understand your printer speed and acceleration limits in order to set meaningful boundaries for the calibrations:
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1. **Upper acceleration range:** Do not attempt to calibrate adaptive PA for an acceleration that is larger than what the Klipper input shaper calibration tool recommends for your selected shaper. For example, if Klipper recommends an EI shaper with 4k maximum acceleration for your slowest axis (usually the Y axis), don’t calibrate adaptive PA beyond that value. This is because after 4k the input shaper smoothing is magnified and the perimeter separations that appear like PA issues are caused by the input shaper smoothing the shape of the corner. Basically, you’d be attempting to compensate for an input shaper artefact with PA.
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2. **Upper print speed range:** The Ellis PA pattern test has been proven to be the most efficient and effective test to run to calibrate adaptive PA. It is fast and allows for a reasonably accurate and easy-to-read PA value. However, the size of the line segments is quite small, which means that for the faster print speeds and slower accelerations, the toolhead will not be able to reach the full flow rate that we are calibrating against. It is therefore generally not recommended to attempt calibration with a print speed of higher than ~200-250mm/sec and accelerations slower than 1k in the PA pattern test. If your lowest acceleration is higher than 1k, then proportionally higher maximum print speeds can be used.
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**Remember:** With the calibration process, we aim to create a PA – Flow Rate – Acceleration profile for the toolhead. As we cannot directly control flow rate, we use print speed as a proxy (higher speed -> higher flow).
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With the above in mind, let’s create a worked example to identify the optimal number of PA tests to calibrate the adaptive PA model.
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**The below starting points are recommended for the majority of Core XY printers:**
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1. **Accelerations:** 1k, 2k, 4k
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2. **Print speeds:** 50mm/sec, 100mm/sec, 150mm/sec, 200mm/sec.
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**That means we need to run 3x4 = 12 PA tests and identify the optimal PA for them.**
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Finally, if the maximum acceleration given by input shaper is materially higher than 4k, run a set of tests with the higher accelerations. For example, if input shaper allows a 6k value, run PA tests as below:
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1. **Accelerations:** 1k, 2k, 4k, 6k
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2. **Print speeds:** 50mm/sec, 100mm/sec, 150mm/sec, 200mm/sec.
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Similarly, if the maximum value recommended is 12k, run PA tests as below:
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1. **Accelerations:** 1k, 2k, 4k, 8k, 12k
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2. **Print speeds:** 50mm/sec, 100mm/sec, 150mm/sec, 200mm/sec.
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So, at worst case you will need to run 5x4 = 20 PA tests if your printer acceleration is on the upper end! In essence, you want enough granularity of data points to create a meaningful model while also not overdoing it with the number of tests. So, doubling the speed and acceleration is a good compromise to arrive at the optimal number of tests.
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For this example, let’s assume that the baseline number of tests is adequate for your printer:
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1. **Accelerations:** 1k, 2k, 4k
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2. **Print speeds:** 50mm/sec, 100mm/sec, 150mm/sec, 200mm/sec.
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We, therefore, need to run 12 PA tests as below:
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**Speed – Acceleration**
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1. 50 – 1k
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2. 100 – 1k
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3. 150 – 1k
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4. 200 – 1k
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5. 50 – 2k
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6. 100 – 2k
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7. 150 – 2k
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8. 200 – 2k
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9. 50 – 4k
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10. 100 – 4k
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11. 150 – 4k
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12. 200 – 4k
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### Identifying the flow rates from the print speed
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#### OrcaSlicer 2.2.0 and later
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Test parameters needed to build adaptive PA table are printed on the test sample:
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Test sample above was done with acceleration 12000 mm/s² and flow rate 27.13 mm³/s
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#### OrcaSlicer 2.1.0 and older.
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As mentioned earlier, **the print speed is used as a proxy to vary the extrusion flow rate**. Once your PA test is set up, change the gcode preview to “flow” and move the horizontal slider over one of the herringbone patterns and take note of the flow rate for different speeds.
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### Running the tests
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#### General tips
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It is recommended that the PA step is set to a small value, to allow you to make meaningful distinctions between the different tests – **therefore a PA step value of 0.001 is recommended. **
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**Set the end PA to a value high enough to start showing perimeter separation for the lowest flow (print speed) and acceleration test.** For example, for a Voron 350 using Revo HF, the maximum value was set to 0.05 as that was sufficient to show perimeter separation even at the slowest flow rates and accelerations.
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**If the test is too big to fit on the build plate, increase your starting PA value or the PA step value accordingly until the test can fit.** If the lowest value becomes too high and there is no ideal PA present in the test, focus on increasing the PA step value to reduce the number of herringbones printed (hence the size of the print).
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#### OrcaSlicer 2.3.0 and newer
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PA pattern calibration configuration window have been changed to simplify test setup. Now all is needed is to fill list of accelerations and speeds into relevant fields of the calibration window:
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Test patterns generated for each acceleration-speed pair and all parameters are set accordingly. No additional actions needed from user side. Just slice and print all plates generated.
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Refer to [Calibration Guide](Calibration) for more details on batch mode calibration.
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#### OrcaSlicer 2.2.0 and older
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Setup your PA test as usual from the calibration menu in Orca slicer. Once setup, your PA test should look like the below:
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Now input your identified print speeds and accelerations in the fields above and run the PA tests.
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> [!IMPORTANT]
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> Make sure your acceleration values are all the same in all text boxes. Same for the print speed values and Jerk (XY) values. Make sure your Jerk value is set to the external perimeter jerk used in your print profiles.
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#### Test results processing
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Now run the tests and note the optimal PA value, the flow, and the acceleration. You should produce a table like this:
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| Speed | Flow | Acceleration | PA | Model values |
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|-------|-------|--------------|-------|----------------------|
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| 50 | 3.84 | 1000 | 0.036 | 0.036 , 3.84 , 1000 |
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| 100 | 7.68 | 1000 | 0.036 | 0.036 , 7.68 , 1000 |
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| 150 | 11.51 | 1000 | 0.036 | 0.036 , 11.51 , 1000 |
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| 200 | 15.35 | 1000 | 0.036 | 0.036 , 15.35 , 1000 |
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| | | | | |
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| 50 | 3.84 | 2000 | 0.036 | 0.036 , 3.84 , 2000 |
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| 100 | 7.68 | 2000 | 0.03 | 0.03 , 7.68 , 2000 |
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| 150 | 11.51 | 2000 | 0.029 | 0.029 , 11.51 , 2000 |
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| 200 | 15.35 | 2000 | 0.028 | 0.028 , 15.35 , 2000 |
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| | | | | |
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| 50 | 3.84 | 4000 | 0.032 | 0.032 , 3.84 , 4000 |
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| 100 | 7.68 | 4000 | 0.028 | 0.028 , 7.68 , 4000 |
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| 150 | 11.51 | 4000 | 0.026 | 0.026 , 11.51 , 4000 |
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| 200 | 15.35 | 4000 | 0.024 | 0.024 , 15.35 , 4000 |
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Concatenate the PA value, the flow value, and the acceleration value into the final comma-separated sets to create the values entered in the model as shown above.
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**You’re now done! The PA profile is created and calibrated!**
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Remember to paste the values in the adaptive pressure advance measurements text box as shown below, and save your filament profile.
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### Tips
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#### Model input:
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The adaptive PA model built into the slicer is flexible enough to allow for as many or as few increments of flow and acceleration as you want. Ideally, you want at a minimum 3x data points for acceleration and flow in order to create a meaningful model.
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However, if you don’t want to calibrate for flow, just run the acceleration tests and leave flow the same for each test (in which case you’ll input only 3 rows in the model text box). In this case, flow will be ignored when the model is used.
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Similarly for acceleration – in the above example you’ll input only 4 rows in the model text box, in which case acceleration will be ignored when the model is used.
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**However, make sure a triplet of values is always provided – PA value, Flow, Acceleration.**
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#### Identifying the right PA:
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Higher acceleration and higher flow rate PA tests are easier to identify the optimal PA as the range of “good” values is much narrower. It’s evident where the PA is too large, as gaps start to appear in the corner and where PA is too low, as the corner starts bulging.
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However, the lower the flow rate and accelerations are, the range of good values is much wider. Having examined the PA tests even under a microscope, what is evident, is that if you can’t distinguish a value as being evidently better than another (i.e. sharper corner with no gaps) with the naked eye, then both values are correct. In which case, if you can’t find any meaningful difference, simply use the optimal values from the higher flow rates.
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- **Too high PA**
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- **Too low PA**
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- **Optimal PA**
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# Cornering
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Cornering is a critical aspect of 3D printing that affects the quality and accuracy of prints. It refers to how the printer handles changes in direction during movement, particularly at corners and curves. Proper cornering settings can help reduce artifacts like ringing, ghosting, and overshooting, leading to cleaner and more precise prints.
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## Jerk
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TODO: Jerk calibration not implemented yet.
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## Junction Deviation
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Junction Deviation is the default method for controlling cornering speed in MarlinFW (Marlin2) printers.
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Higher values result in more aggressive cornering speeds, while lower values produce smoother, more controlled cornering.
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The default value in Marlin is typically set to 0.08mm, which may be too high for some printers, potentially causing ringing. Consider lowering this value to reduce ringing, but avoid setting it too low, as this could lead to excessively slow cornering speeds.
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1. Pre-requisites:
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1. Check if your printer has Junction Deviation enabled. You can do this by sending the command `M503` to your printer and looking for the line `Junction deviation: 0.25`.
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2. In OrcaSlicer, set:
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1. Acceleration high enough to trigger ringing (e.g., 2000 mm/s²).
|
||||
2. Speed high enough to trigger ringing (e.g., 100 mm/s).
|
||||
3. Use an opaque, high-gloss filament to make the ringing more visible.
|
||||
2. You need to print the Junction Deviation test.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Measure the X and Y heights and read the frequency set at that point in Orca Slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. It’s very likely that you’ll need to set values lower than 0.08 mm, as shown in the previous example. To determine a more accurate maximum JD value, you can print a new calibration tower with a maximum value set at the point where the corners start losing sharpness.
|
||||
3. Print the second Junction Deviation test with the new maximum value.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4. Measure the X and Y heights and read the frequency set at that point in Orca Slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3. Save the settings
|
||||
1. Set your Maximun Junction Deviation value in [Printer settings/Motion ability/Jerk limitation].
|
||||
2. Use the following G-code to set the mm:
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
M205 J#JunctionDeviationValue
|
||||
M500
|
||||
```
|
||||
Example
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
M205 J0.012
|
||||
M500
|
||||
```
|
||||
3. Recompile your MarlinFW
|
||||
1. In Configuration.h uncomment and set:
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
#define JUNCTION_DEVIATION_MM 0.012 // (mm) Distance from real junction edge
|
||||
```
|
||||
2. Check Classic Jerk is disabled (commented).
|
||||
```cpp
|
||||
//#define CLASSIC_JERK
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Flow rate
|
||||
|
||||
The Flow Ratio determines how much filament is extruded and plays a key role in achieving high-quality prints. A properly calibrated flow ratio ensures consistent layer adhesion and accurate dimensions. If the flow ratio is too low, under-extrusion may occur, leading to gaps, weak layers, and poor structural integrity. On the other hand, a flow ratio that is too high can cause over-extrusion, resulting in excess material, rough surfaces, and dimensional inaccuracies.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!WARNING]
|
||||
> **Bambulab Printers:** make sure you do not select the 'Flow calibration' option.
|
||||
> 
|
||||
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> PASS 1 and PASS 2 follow the older flow ratio formula `FlowRatio_old*(100 + modifier)/100`.
|
||||
> YOLO (Recommended) and YOLO (perfectist version) use a new system that is very simple `FlowRatio_old±modifier`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Calibrating the flow rate involves a two-step process.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Select the printer, filament, and process you would like to use for the test.
|
||||
2. Select `Pass 1` in the `Calibration` menu
|
||||
3. A new project consisting of nine blocks will be created, each with a different flow rate modifier. Slice and print the project.
|
||||
4. Examine the blocks and determine which one has the smoothest top surface.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5. Update the flow ratio in the filament settings using the following equation: `FlowRatio_old*(100 + modifier)/100`. If your previous flow ratio was `0.98` and you selected the block with a flow rate modifier of `+5`, the new value should be calculated as follows: `0.98x(100+5)/100 = 1.029`.** Remember** to save the filament profile.
|
||||
6. Perform the `Pass 2` calibration. This process is similar to `Pass 1`, but a new project with ten blocks will be generated. The flow rate modifiers for this project will range from `-9 to 0`.
|
||||
7. Repeat steps 4. and 5. In this case, if your previous flow ratio was 1.029 and you selected the block with a flow rate modifier of -6, the new value should be calculated as follows: `1.029x(100-6)/100 = 0.96726`. **Remember** to save the filament profile.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP]
|
||||
> @ItsDeidara has made a html to help with the calculation. Check it out if those equations give you a headache [here](https://github.com/ItsDeidara/Orca-Slicer-Assistant).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Input Shaping
|
||||
|
||||
During high-speed movements, vibrations can cause a phenomenon called "ringing," where periodic ripples appear on the print surface. Input Shaping provides an effective solution by counteracting these vibrations, improving print quality and reducing wear on components without needing to significantly lower print speeds.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Klipper](#klipper)
|
||||
- [Marlin](#marlin)
|
||||
|
||||
## Klipper
|
||||
|
||||
### Resonance Compensation
|
||||
|
||||
The Klipper Resonance Compensation is a set of Input Shaping modes that can be used to reduce ringing and improve print quality.
|
||||
Ussualy the recommended values modes are `MZV` or `EI` for Delta printers.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Pre-requisites:
|
||||
1. In OrcaSlicer, set:
|
||||
1. Acceleration high enough to trigger ringing (e.g., 2000 mm/s²).
|
||||
2. Speed high enough to trigger ringing (e.g., 100 mm/s).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> These settings depend on your printer's motion ability and the filament's max volumetric speed. If you can't reach speeds that cause ringing, try increasing the filament's max volumetric speed (avoid materials below 10 mm³/s).
|
||||
3. Jerk [Klipper Square Corner Velocity](https://www.klipper3d.org/Kinematics.html?h=square+corner+velocity#look-ahead) to 5 or a high value (e.g., 20).
|
||||
|
||||
2. In printer settigs:
|
||||
1. Set the Shaper Type to `MZV` or `EI`.
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
SET_INPUT_SHAPER SHAPER_TYPE=MZV
|
||||
```
|
||||
2. Disable [Minimun Cruise Ratio](https://www.klipper3d.org/Kinematics.html#minimum-cruise-ratio) with:
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
SET_VELOCITY_LIMIT MINIMUM_CRUISE_RATIO=0
|
||||
```
|
||||
3. Use an opaque, high-gloss filament to make the ringing more visible.
|
||||
2. Print the Input Shaping Frequency test with a range of frequencies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Measure the X and Y heights and read the frequency set at that point in Orca Slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. If not a clear result, you can measure a X and Y min and max acceptable heights and repeat the test with that min and max value.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!WARNING]
|
||||
> There is a chance you will need to set higher than 60Hz frequencies. Some printers with very rigid frames and excellent mechanics may exhibit frequencies exceeding 100Hz.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Print the Damping test setting your X and Y frequency to the value you found in the previous step.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Measure the X and Y heights and read the damping set at that point in Orca Slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> Not all Resonance Compensation modes support damping.
|
||||
|
||||
4. Restore your 3D Printer settings to avoid keep using high acceleration and jerk values.
|
||||
5. Save the settings
|
||||
1. You need to go to the printer settings and set the X and Y frequency and damp to the value you found in the previous step.
|
||||
|
||||
## Marlin
|
||||
|
||||
### ZV Input Shaping
|
||||
|
||||
ZV Input Shaping introduces an anti-vibration signal into the stepper motion for the X and Y axes. It works by splitting the step count into two halves: the first at half the frequency and the second as an "echo," delayed by half the ringing interval. This simple approach effectively reduces vibrations, improving print quality and allowing for higher speeds.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Pre-requisites:
|
||||
1. In OrcaSlicer, set:
|
||||
1. Acceleration high enough to trigger ringing (e.g., 2000 mm/s²).
|
||||
2. Speed high enough to trigger ringing (e.g., 100 mm/s).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> These settings depend on your printer's motion ability and the filament's max volumetric speed. If you can't reach speeds that cause ringing, try increasing the filament's max volumetric speed (avoid materials below 10 mm³/s).
|
||||
|
||||
3. Jerk
|
||||
1. If using [Classic Jerk](https://marlinfw.org/docs/configuration/configuration.html#jerk-) use a high value (e.g., 20).
|
||||
2. If using [Junction Deviation](https://marlinfw.org/docs/features/junction_deviation.html) (new Marlin default mode) this test will use 0.25 (high enough to most printers).
|
||||
2. Use an opaque, high-gloss filament to make the ringing more visible.
|
||||
2. Print the Input Shaping Frequency test with a range of frequencies.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Measure the X and Y heights and read the frequency set at that point in Orca Slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. If not a clear result, you can measure a X and Y min and max acceptable heights and repeat the test with that min and max value.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!WARNING]
|
||||
> There is a chance you will need to set higher than 60Hz frequencies. Some printers with very rigid frames and excellent mechanics may exhibit frequencies exceeding 100Hz.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Print the Damping test setting your X and Y frequency to the value you found in the previous step.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Measure the X and Y heights and read the damping set at that point in Orca Slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4. Restore your 3D Printer settings to avoid keep using high acceleration and jerk values.
|
||||
1. Reboot your printer.
|
||||
2. Use the following G-code to restore your printer settings:
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
M501
|
||||
```
|
||||
5. Save the settings
|
||||
1. You need to go to the printer settings and set the X and Y frequency and damp to the value you found in the previous step.
|
||||
2. Use the following G-code to set the frequency:
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
M593 X F#Xfrequency D#XDamping
|
||||
M593 Y F#Yfrequency D#YDamping
|
||||
M500
|
||||
```
|
||||
Example
|
||||
```gcode
|
||||
M593 X F37.25 D0.16
|
||||
M593 Y F37.5 D0.06
|
||||
M500
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Fixed-Time Motion
|
||||
|
||||
WIP...
|
||||
This calibration test is currently under development. See the [Marlin documentation](https://marlinfw.org/docs/gcode/M493.html) for more information.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Pressure Advance
|
||||
|
||||
Pressure Advance is a feature that compensates for the lag in filament pressure within the nozzle during acceleration and deceleration. It helps improve print quality by reducing issues like blobs, oozing, and inconsistent extrusion, especially at corners or during fast movements.
|
||||
|
||||
Orca Slicer includes three approaches for calibrating the pressure advance value. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is important to note that each method has two versions: one for a direct drive extruder and one for a Bowden extruder. Make sure to select the appropriate version for your test.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> [Adaptive Pressure Advance Guide](adaptive-pressure-advance-calib)
|
||||
|
||||
> [!WARNING]
|
||||
> **Marlin Printers:** Linear advance must be enabled in firmware (M900).
|
||||
> **Not all printers have it enabled by default.**
|
||||
|
||||
> [!WARNING]
|
||||
> **Bambulab Printers:** make sure you do not select the 'Flow calibration' option.
|
||||
> 
|
||||
|
||||
## Line method
|
||||
|
||||
The line method is quick and straightforward to test. However, its accuracy highly depends on your first layer quality. It is suggested to turn on the bed mesh leveling for this test.
|
||||
Steps:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Select the printer, filament, and process you would like to use for the test.
|
||||
2. Print the project and check the result. You can select the value of the most even line and update your PA value in the filament settings.
|
||||
3. In this test, a PA value of `0.016` appears to be optimal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Pattern method
|
||||
|
||||
The pattern method is adapted from [Andrew Ellis' pattern method generator](https://ellis3dp.com/Pressure_Linear_Advance_Tool/), which was itself derived from the [Marlin pattern method](https://marlinfw.org/tools/lin_advance/k-factor.html) developed by [Sineos](https://github.com/Sineos/k-factorjs).
|
||||
|
||||
[Instructions for using and reading the pattern method](https://ellis3dp.com/Print-Tuning-Guide/articles/pressure_linear_advance/pattern_method.html) are provided in [Ellis' Print Tuning Guide](https://ellis3dp.com/Print-Tuning-Guide/), with only a few Orca Slicer differences to note.
|
||||
|
||||
Test configuration window allow user to generate one or more tests in a single projects. Multiple tests will be placed on each plate with extra plates added if needed.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Single test \
|
||||
|
||||
2. Batch mode testing (multiple tests on a sinle plate) \
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once test generated, one or more small rectangular prisms could be found on the plate, one for each test case. This object serves a few purposes:
|
||||
|
||||
1. The test pattern itself is added in as custom G-Code at each layer, same as you could do by hand actually. The rectangular prism gives us the layers in which to insert that G-Code. This also means that **you'll see the full test pattern when you move to the Preview pane:**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. The prism acts as a handle, enabling you to move the test pattern wherever you'd like on the plate by moving the prism
|
||||
2. Each test object is pre-configured with target parameters which are reflected in the objects name. However, test parameters may be adjusted for each prism individually by referring to the object list pane:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Next, Ellis' generator provided the ability to adjust specific printer, filament, and print profile settings. You can make these same changes in Orca Slicer by adjusting the settings in the Prepare pane as you would with any other print. When you initiate the calibration test, Ellis' default settings are applied. A few things to note about these settings:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Ellis specified line widths as a percent of filament diameter. The Orca pattern method does the same to provide its suggested defaults, making use of Ellis' percentages in combination with your specified nozzle diameter
|
||||
2. In terms of line width, the pattern only makes use of the `Default` and `First layer` widths
|
||||
3. In terms of speed, the pattern only uses the `First layer speed -> First layer` and `Other layers speed -> Outer wall` speeds
|
||||
4. The infill pattern beneath the numbers cannot be changed becuase it's not actually an infill pattern pulled from the settings. All of the pattern G-Code is custom written, so that "infill" is, effectively, hand-drawn and so not processed through the usual channels that would enable Orca to recognize it as infill
|
||||
|
||||
## Tower method
|
||||
|
||||
The tower method may take a bit more time to complete, but it does not rely on the quality of the first layer.
|
||||
The PA value for this test will be increased by 0.002 for every 1 mm increase in height. (**NOTE** 0.02 for Bowden)
|
||||
|
||||
1. Select the printer, filament, and process you would like to use for the test.
|
||||
2. Examine each corner of the print and mark the height that yields the best overall result.
|
||||
3. I selected a height of 8 mm for this case, so the pressure advance value should be calculated as `PressureAdvanceStart+(PressureAdvanceStep x measured)` example: `0+(0.002 x 8) = 0.016`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP]
|
||||
> @ItsDeidara has made a html to help with the calculation. Check it out if those equations give you a headache [here](https://github.com/ItsDeidara/Orca-Slicer-Assistant).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Retraction test
|
||||
|
||||
Retraction is the process of pulling the filament back into the nozzle to prevent oozing and stringing during non-print moves. If the retraction length is too short, it may not effectively prevent oozing, while if it's too long, it can lead to clogs or under-extrusion. Filaments like PETG and TPU are more prone to stringing, so they may require longer retraction lengths compared to PLA or ABS.
|
||||
|
||||
This test generates a retraction tower automatically. The retraction tower is a vertical structure with multiple notches, each printed at a different retraction length. After the print is complete, we can examine each section of the tower to determine the optimal retraction length for the filament. The optimal retraction length is the shortest one that produces the cleanest tower.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the dialog, you can select the start and end retraction length, as well as the retraction length increment step. The default values are 0mm for the start retraction length, 2mm for the end retraction length, and 0.1mm for the step. These values are suitable for most direct drive extruders. However, for Bowden extruders, you may want to increase the start and end retraction lengths to 1mm and 6mm, respectively, and set the step to 0.2mm.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> When testing filaments such as PLA or ABS that have minimal oozing, the retraction settings can be highly effective. You may find that the retraction tower appears clean right from the start. In such situations, setting the retraction length to 0.2mm - 0.4mm using Orca Slicer should suffice.
|
||||
> On the other hand, if there is still a lot of stringing at the top of the tower, it is recommended to dry your filament and ensure that your nozzle is properly installed without any leaks.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP]
|
||||
> @ItsDeidara has made a html to help with the calculation. Check it out if those equations give you a headache [here](https://github.com/ItsDeidara/Orca-Slicer-Assistant).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Temp Calibration
|
||||
|
||||
In FDM 3D printing, the temperature is a critical factor that affects the quality of the print.
|
||||
There is no other calibration that can have such a big impact on the print quality as temperature calibration.
|
||||
|
||||
## Nozzle Temp tower
|
||||
|
||||
Nozzle temperature is one of the most important settings to calibrate for a successful print. The temperature of the nozzle affects the viscosity of the filament, which in turn affects how well it flows through the nozzle and adheres to the print bed. If the temperature is too low, the filament may not flow properly, leading to under-extrusion, poor layer adhesion and stringing. If the temperature is too high, the filament may degrade, over-extrude and produce stringing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Temp tower is a straightforward test. The temp tower is a vertical tower with multiple blocks, each printed at a different temperature. Once the print is complete, we can examine each block of the tower and determine the optimal temperature for the filament. The optimal temperature is the one that produces the highest quality print with the least amount of issues, such as stringing, layer adhesion, warping (overhang), and bridging.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Bed temperature
|
||||
|
||||
Bed temperature is another important setting to calibrate for a successful print. The bed temperature affects the adhesion of the filament to the print bed, which in turn affects the overall quality of the print. If the bed temperature is too low, the filament may not adhere properly to the print bed, leading to warping and poor layer adhesion. If the bed temperature is too high, the filament may become too soft and lose its shape, leading to over-extrusion and poor layer adhesion.
|
||||
|
||||
This setting doesn't have a specific test, but it is recommended to start with the recommended bed temperature for the filament and adjust it based on the filament manufacturer's recommendations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Chamber temperature
|
||||
|
||||
Chamber temperature can affect the print quality, especially for high-temperature filaments. A heated chamber can help to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the print, reducing the risk of warping and improving layer adhesion. However, it is important to monitor the chamber temperature to ensure that it does not exceed the recommended temperature for the filament being used.
|
||||
|
||||
See: [Chamber temperature printer settings](Chamber-temperature)
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> Low temperature Filaments like PLA can clog the nozzle if the chamber temperature is too high.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Filament Tolerance Calibration
|
||||
|
||||
Each filament and printer combination can result in different tolerances. This means that even using the same filament and print profile, tolerances may vary from one printer to another.
|
||||
To correct for these variations, Orca Slicer provides:
|
||||
|
||||
- Filament Compensation:
|
||||
|
||||
- Shrinkage (XY)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Process Compensation:
|
||||
|
||||
- X-Y hole compensation
|
||||
- X-Y contour compensation
|
||||
- Precise wall
|
||||
- Precise Z height
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Orca Tolerance Test
|
||||
|
||||
This calibration test is designed to evaluate the dimensional accuracy of your printer and filament. The model consists of a base with six hexagonal holes, each with a different tolerance: 0.0 mm, 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, and 0.4 mm, as well as a hexagon-shaped tester.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can check the tolerance using either an M6 Allen key or the included printed hexagon tester.
|
||||
Use calipers to measure both the holes and the inner tester. Based on your results, you can fine-tune the X-Y hole compensation and X-Y contour compensation settings. Repeat the process until you achieve the desired precision.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Max Volumetric speed
|
||||
|
||||
This is a test designed to calibrate the maximum volumetric speed of the specific filament. The generic or 3rd party filament types may not have the correct volumetric flow rate set in the filament. This test will help you to find the maximum volumetric speed of the filament.
|
||||
|
||||
You will be promted to enter the settings for the test: start volumetric speed, end volumentric speed, and step. It is recommended to use the default values (5mm³/s start, 20mm³/s end, with a step of 0.5), unless you already have an idea of the lower or upper limit for your filament. Select "OK", slice the plate, and send it to the printer.
|
||||
|
||||
Once printed, take note of where the layers begin to fail and where the quality begins to suffer. Pay attention to changes from matte to shiny as well.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Using calipers or a ruler, measure the height of the print at that point. Use the following calculation to determine the correct max flow value: `start + (height-measured * step)` . For example in the photo below, and using the default setting values, the print quality began to suffer at 19mm measured, so the calculation would be: `5 + (19 * 0.5)` , or `13mm³/s` using the default values. Enter your number into the "Max volumetric speed" value in the filament settings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can also return to OrcaSlicer in the "Preview" tab, make sure the color scheme "flow" is selected. Scroll down to the layer height that you measured, and click on the toolhead slider. This will indicate the max flow level for your filmanet.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> You may also choose to conservatively reduce the flow by 5-10% to ensure print quality.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!TIP]
|
||||
> @ItsDeidara has made a html to help with the calculation. Check it out if those equations give you a headache [here](https://github.com/ItsDeidara/Orca-Slicer-Assistant).
|
||||
112
doc/print_settings/quality/quality_settings_precision.md
Normal file
112
doc/print_settings/quality/quality_settings_precision.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
|||
# Precision
|
||||
|
||||
This section covers the settings that affect the precision of your prints. These settings can help you achieve better dimensional accuracy, reduce artifacts, and improve overall print quality.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Slice gap closing radius](#slice-gap-closing-radius)
|
||||
- [Resolution](#resolution)
|
||||
- [Arc fitting](#arc-fitting)
|
||||
- [X-Y Compensation](#x-y-compensation)
|
||||
- [Elephant foot compensation](#elephant-foot-compensation)
|
||||
- [Precise wall](#precise-wall)
|
||||
- [Technical explanation](#technical-explanation)
|
||||
- [Precise Z Height](#precise-z-height)
|
||||
- [Polyholes](#polyholes)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Slice gap closing radius
|
||||
|
||||
Cracks smaller than 2x gap closing radiusCracks smaller than 2x gap closing radius are being filled during the triangle mesh slicing. The gap closing operation may reduce the final print resolution, therefore it is advisable to keep the value reasonably low.
|
||||
|
||||
## Resolution
|
||||
|
||||
The G-code path is generated after simplifying the contour of models to avoid too many points and G-code lines. Smaller value means higher resolution and more time to slice.
|
||||
|
||||
## Arc fitting
|
||||
|
||||
Enable this to get a G-code file which has [G2 and G3](https://marlinfw.org/docs/gcode/G002-G003.html) moves.
|
||||
|
||||
After a model is sliced this feature will replace straight line segments with arcs where possible. This is particularly useful for curved surfaces, as it allows the printer to move in a more fluid manner, reducing the number of G-code commands and improving the overall print quality.
|
||||
|
||||
This will result in a smaller G-code file for the same model, as arcs are used instead of many short line segments. This can improve print quality and reduce printing time, especially for curved surfaces.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> [!IMPORTANT]
|
||||
> This option is only available for machines that support G2 and G3 commands and may impact in CPU usage on the printer.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> **Klipper machines**, this option is recommended to be disabled.
|
||||
Klipper does not benefit from arc commands as these are split again into line segments by the firmware. This results in a reduction in surface quality as line segments are converted to arcs by the slicer and then back to line segments by the firmware.
|
||||
|
||||
## X-Y Compensation
|
||||
|
||||
Used to compensate external dimensions of the model.
|
||||
With this option you can compensate material expansion or shrinkage, which can occur due to various factors such as the type of filament used, temperature fluctuations, or printer calibration issues.
|
||||
|
||||
Follow the [Calibration Guide](https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/wiki/Calibration) and [Filament Tolerance Calibration](https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/wiki/tolerance-calib) to determine the correct value for your printer and filament combination.
|
||||
|
||||
## Elephant foot compensation
|
||||
|
||||
This feature compensates for the "elephant foot" effect, which occurs when the first few layers of a print are wider than the rest due:
|
||||
|
||||
- Weight of the material above them.
|
||||
- Thermal expansion of the material.
|
||||
- Bed temperature being too high.
|
||||
- Inaccurate bed height.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To mitigate this effect, OrcaSlicer allows you to specify a negative distance that will be applied to the first specified number of layers. This adjustment effectively reduces the width of the first few layers, helping to achieve a more accurate final print size.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Precise wall
|
||||
|
||||
The 'Precise Wall' is a distinctive feature introduced by OrcaSlicer, aimed at improving the dimensional accuracy of prints and minimizing layer inconsistencies by slightly increasing the spacing between the outer wall and the inner wall.
|
||||
|
||||
### Technical explanation
|
||||
|
||||
Below is a technical explanation of how this feature works.
|
||||
|
||||
First, it's important to understand some basic concepts like flow, extrusion width, and space. Slic3r has an excellent document that covers these topics in detail. You can refer to this [article](https://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math).
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let's dive into the specifics. Slic3r and its forks, such as PrusaSlicer, SuperSlicer, and OrcaSlicer, assume that the extrusion path has an oval shape, which accounts for the overlaps. For example, if we set the wall width to 0.4mm and the layer height to 0.2mm, the combined thickness of two walls laid side by side is 0.714mm instead of 0.8mm due to the overlapping.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Precise Wall Off**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- **Precise Wall On**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This approach enhances the strength of 3D-printed parts. However, it does have some side effects. For instance, when the inner-outer wall order is used, the outer wall can be pushed outside, leading to potential size inaccuracy and more layer inconsistency.
|
||||
|
||||
It's important to keep in mind that this approach to handling flow is specific to Slic3r and its forks. Other slicing software, such as Cura, assumes that the extrusion path is rectangular and, therefore, does not include overlapping. Two 0.4 mm walls will result in a 0.8 mm shell thickness in Cura.
|
||||
|
||||
OrcaSlicer adheres to Slic3r's approach to handling flow. To address the downsides mentioned earlier, OrcaSlicer introduced the 'Precise Wall' feature. When this feature is enabled in OrcaSlicer, the overlap between the outer wall and its adjacent inner wall is set to zero. This ensures that the overall strength of the printed part is unaffected, while the size accuracy and layer consistency are improved.
|
||||
|
||||
## Precise Z Height
|
||||
|
||||
This feature ensures the accurate Z height of the model after slicing, even if the model height is not a multiple of the layer height.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, slicing a 20mm x 20mm x 20.1mm cube with a layer height of 0.2mm would typically result in a final height of 20.2mm due to the layer height increments.
|
||||
|
||||
By enabling this parameter, the layer height of the last five layers is adjusted so that the final sliced height matches the actual object height, resulting in an accurate 20.1mm (as shown in the picture).
|
||||
|
||||
- **Precise Z Height Off**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- **Precise Z Height On**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Polyholes
|
||||
|
||||
A polyhole is a technique used in FFF 3D printing to improve the accuracy of circular holes. Instead of modeling a perfect circle, the hole is represented as a polygon with a reduced number of flat sides. This simplification forces the slicer to treat each segment as a straight line, which prints more reliably. By carefully choosing the number of sides and ensuring the polygon sits on the outer boundary of the hole, you can produce openings that more closely match the intended diameter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Original implementation: [SuperSlicer Polyholes](https://github.com/supermerill/SuperSlicer/wiki/Polyholes)
|
||||
- Idea and mathematics: [Hydraraptor](https://hydraraptor.blogspot.com/2011/02/polyholes.html)
|
||||
|
|
@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ To minimize the visibility of potential over-extrusion at the start of an extern
|
|||
|
||||
This is useful when printing with Outer/Inner or Inner/Outer/Inner wall print order, as in these modes, it is more likely an external perimeter is printed immediately after a de-retraction move, which would cause slight extrusion variance at the start of a seam.
|
||||
|
||||
## Tips:
|
||||
## Tips
|
||||
|
||||
With seams being inevitable when 3D printing using FFF, there are two distinct approaches on how to deal with them:
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Try and hide the seam as much as possible:** This can be done by enabling scarf seam, which works very well, especially with simple models with limited overhang regions.
|
||||
2. **Try and make the seam as "clean" and "distinct" as possible:** This can be done by tuning the seam gap and enabling role-based wipe speed, wipe on loops, and wipe before the external loop.
|
||||
|
||||
## Troubleshooting Seam Performance:
|
||||
## Troubleshooting Seam Performance
|
||||
|
||||
The section below will focus on troubleshooting traditional seams. For scarf seam troubleshooting, refer to the guide linked above.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ However, due to mechanical and material tolerances, as well as the very nature o
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Troubleshooting the Start of a Seam:
|
||||
### Troubleshooting the Start of a Seam
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine the scenario where the toolhead finishes printing a layer line on one side of the bed, retracts, travels the whole distance of the bed to de-retract, and starts printing another part. Compare this to the scenario where the toolhead finishes printing an internal perimeter and only travels a few mm to start printing an external perimeter, without even retracting or de-retracting.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ So this is a trade-off between print speed and print quality. From experimental
|
|||
|
||||
In addition, larger nozzle diameters allow for more opportunity for material to leak compared to smaller diameter nozzles. A 0.2/0.25 mm nozzle will have significantly better seam performance than a 0.4, and that will have much better performance than a 0.6mm nozzle and so forth.
|
||||
|
||||
### Troubleshooting the End of a Seam:
|
||||
### Troubleshooting the End of a Seam
|
||||
|
||||
The end of a seam is much easier to get right, as the extrusion system is already at a pressure equilibrium while printing. It just needs to stop extruding at the right time and consistently.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Furthermore, the printer mechanics have tolerances – the print head may be req
|
|||
|
||||
Finally, the techniques of **wiping can help improve the visual continuity and consistency of a seam** (please note, these settings do not make the seam less visible, but rather make them more consistent!). Wiping on loops with a consistent speed helps tuck in the end of the seam, hiding the effects of retraction from view.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Role of Wall Ordering in Seam Appearance:
|
||||
### The Role of Wall Ordering in Seam Appearance
|
||||
|
||||
The order of wall printing plays a significant role in the appearance of a seam. **Starting to print the external perimeter first after a long travel move will always result in more visible artifacts compared to printing the internal perimeters first and traveling just a few mm to print the external perimeter.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
|||
# Wall Generator
|
||||
|
||||
WIP...
|
||||
|
||||
## Classic
|
||||
|
||||
WIP...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Arachne
|
||||
|
||||
WIP...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Wall transitioning threshhold angle
|
||||
- Wall transitioning filter
|
||||
- Wall transitioning length
|
||||
- Wall distribution count
|
||||
- First layer minimum wall width
|
||||
- Minimum feature size
|
||||
- Minimum wall length
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,191 +1,192 @@
|
|||
# Extrusion rate smoothing
|
||||
|
||||
Extrusion rate smoothing (ERS), also known as pressure equalizer in Prusa Slicer, aims to **limit the rate of extrusion volume change to be below a user set threshold (the ERS value).** It aims to assist the printer firmware internal motion planners, pressure advance in achieving the desired nozzle flow and reducing deviations against the ideal flow.
|
||||
|
||||
This happens by reducing the stresses put on the extrusion system as well as reducing the absolute deviations from the ideal extrusion flow caused by pressure advance smooth time.
|
||||
|
||||
This feature is especially helpful when printing at high accelerations and large flow rates as the deviations are larger in these cases.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Theory
|
||||
|
||||
Enabling this feature creates a small **speed "ramp"** by slowing down and ramping up print speeds prior to and after the features causing a sudden change in extrusion flow rate needs, such as overhangs and overhang perimeters.
|
||||
|
||||
This works by breaking down the printed line segments into smaller "chunks", proportional to the ERS segment length, and reduces the print speed of these segments so that the **requested extrusion volumetric flow rate change is less than or equal to the ERS threshold**.
|
||||
|
||||
In summary, **it takes the "edge" off rapid extrusion changes caused by acceleration/deceleration as these are now spread over a longer distance and time.** Therefore, it can reduce wall artefacts that show when the print speeds change suddenly. These artefacts are occuring because the extruder and firmware cannot perfectly adhere to the requested by the slicer flow rates, especially when the extrusion rate is changing rapidly.
|
||||
|
||||
**The example below shows the artefact that is mitigated by ERS.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The bulging visible above is due to the extruder not being able to respond fast enough against the required speed change when printing with high accelerations and high speeds and requested to slow down for an overhang.
|
||||
|
||||
In the above scenario, the printer (Bambu Lab X1 Carbon) was requested to slow down from a 200mm/sec print speed to 40mm/sec at an acceleration of 5k/sec2. **The extruder could not keep up with the pressure change, resulting in a slight bump ahead at the point of speed change.**
|
||||
|
||||
This parameter interacts with the below printer kinematic settings and physical limits:
|
||||
|
||||
**1. The limits of the extruder system** - how fast can it change pressure in the nozzle
|
||||
|
||||
**2. The configured pressure advance values** - that also affect pressure changes in the nozzle
|
||||
|
||||
**3. The acceleration profile of the printer** - higher accelerations mean higher pressure changes
|
||||
|
||||
**4. The pressure advance smooth time (klipper)** - higher smooth time means higher deviation from ideal extrusion, hence more opportunity for this feature to be useful.
|
||||
|
||||
<h3>Acceleration vs. Extrusion rate smoothing</h3>A printer's motion system does
|
||||
not exactly follow the speed changes seen in the gcode preview screen of Orca
|
||||
slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
When a speed change is requested, the firmware look ahead planner calculates the slow down needed to achieve the target speed. The rate of slowdown is limited by the move's acceleration value.
|
||||
|
||||
**Lets consider an example.** Assume printing an overhang wall with **2k external wall acceleration**, were the printer is called to slow down from **200mm/sec to 40mm/sec**.
|
||||
|
||||
This deceleration move would happen over approximately 9.6mm. This is derived from the following equation:
|
||||
|
||||
Where:
|
||||
|
||||
- vf = final speed.
|
||||
- vi = initial speed.
|
||||
- a = acceleration (in this case, it will be negative as it's a deceleration).
|
||||
- d = distance.
|
||||
|
||||
```math
|
||||
d = \frac{v_f^2 - v_i^2}{2a}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The time taken to decelerate to this new speed would be approx. 0.08 seconds, derived from the following equation:
|
||||
|
||||
```math
|
||||
t = \frac{v_f - v_i}{a}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
A printer printing at 200mm/sec with a 0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height would be extruding plastic at approx. 12.16mm3/sec, as can also be seen from the below visual.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When the printer is extruding at 40mm/sec with the same line width and layer height as above, the flow rate is 2.43mm3/sec.
|
||||
|
||||
So what we are asking the extruder to do in this example is **slow down from 12.16mm3/sec flow to 2.43mm3/sec flow in 0.08 seconds** or an extrusion change rate of 121mm3/sec2.
|
||||
|
||||
**This value is proportional to the acceleration of the printer. At 4k this value doubles, at 1k it is half and is independent of the speed of movement or starting and ending speeds.**
|
||||
|
||||
**This value is also proportional to the line width - double the line width will result in double the extrusion rate change and vice versa. Same for layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
So, continuing with the worked example, a 2k acceleration produces an extrusion rate change ramp of 121mm3/sec2. **Therefore, setting a value higher than this would not bring any benefit to the print quality as the motion system would slow down less aggressively based on its acceleration settings.**
|
||||
|
||||
**Therefore, the acceleration values act as a meaningfull upper limit to this setting.** An indicative set of values has been provided later in this page.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pressure advance vs extrusion rate smoothing
|
||||
|
||||
Then we need to consider pressure advance and smooth time as factors that influence extrusion rate.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pressure Advance** adjusts the extruder's speed to account for the pressure changes inside the hot end’s melt zone. When the print head moves and extrudes filament, there's a delay between the movement of the extruder gear and the plastic being extruded due to the compressibility of the molten plastic in the hot end. This delay can cause too much plastic to be extruded when the print head starts moving or not enough plastic when the print head stops, leading to issues like blobbing or under-extrusion.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pressure Advance Smooth time** helps to mitigate potential negative effects on print quality due to the rapid changes in extruder flow rate, which are controlled by the Pressure Advance algorithm. This parameter essentially adds a smoothing effect to the adjustments made by Pressure Advance, aiming to prevent sharp or sudden changes in the extrusion rate.
|
||||
|
||||
When Pressure Advance adjusts the extruder speed to compensate for the pressure build-up or reduction in the hot end, it can lead to abrupt changes in the flow rate. These abrupt changes can potentially cause issues like:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Extruder motor skipping,
|
||||
2. Increased wear on the extruder gear and filament,
|
||||
3. Visible artifacts on the print surface due to non-uniform extrusion.
|
||||
|
||||
The smooth time setting introduces a controlled delay over which the Pressure Advance adjustments are spread out. This results in a more gradual application or reduction of extrusion pressure, leading to smoother transitions in filament flow.
|
||||
|
||||
The trade-off is extrusion accuracy. There is a deviation between the requested extrusion amount and the actual extrusion amount due to this smoothing.
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Increasing Smooth Time:** Leads to more gradual changes in extrusion pressure. While this can reduce artifacts and stress on the extruder system, setting it too high may diminish the effectiveness of Pressure Advance, as the compensation becomes too delayed to counteract the pressure dynamics accurately.
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Decreasing Smooth Time:** Makes the Pressure Advance adjustments more immediate, which can improve the responsiveness of pressure compensation but may also reintroduce abrupt changes in flow rate, potentially leading to the issues mentioned above.
|
||||
|
||||
In essence, p**ressure advance smooth time creates an intentional deviation from the ideal extruder rotation** and, therefore, extrusion amount, to allow the printer's extruder to perform within its mechanical limits. Typically, this value is set to 0.04sec, which means that when Pressure Advance adjusts the extruder's flow rate to compensate for changes in pressure within the hot end, these adjustments are spread out over a period of 0.04 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a great example of pressure advance smooth time induced deviations [here](https://klipper.discourse.group/t/pressure-advance-smooth-time-skews-pressure-advance/13451) that is worth a read to get more insight in this trade-off.
|
||||
|
||||
In the worked example above, **we need to set an Extrusion Rate smoothing value enough to decrease the error introduced by pressure advance smooth time against the produced output flow.** The lower the extrusion rate smoothing value, the lower the changes in flow over time hence the lower the absolute deviation from the ideal extrusion caused by the smooth time algorithm. However, going too low will result in a material decrease in overall print speed, as the print speed will be materially reduced to achieve low extrusion deviations between features, for no real benefit after a point.
|
||||
|
||||
**The best way to find what the lower beneficial limit is through experimentation.** Print an object with sharp overhangs that are slowed down because off the overhang print speed settings and observe for extrusion inconsistencies.
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Finding the ideal Extrusion Rate smoothing value</h2>
|
||||
|
||||
**Firstly, this value needs to be lower than the extrusion rate changes resulting from the acceleration profile of the printer.** As, generally, the greatest impact is in external wall finish, use your external perimeter acceleration as a point of reference.
|
||||
|
||||
**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. 30mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 60.5mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 121mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 242mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.42 line width and 0.20 layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. 38mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 76mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 150mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 300mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.45 line width and 0.16 layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. 32mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 65mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 129mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 260mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
**So, your tuning starting point needs to be an ERS value that is less than this.** A good point experiment with test prints would be **a value of 60-80%** of the above maximum values. This will give some meaningful assistance to pressure advance, reducing the deviation introduced by pressure advance smooth time. The greater the smooth time, the greater the quality benefit will be.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, for a **0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height**, the below are a recommended set of starting ERS values
|
||||
|
||||
1. 18-25mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 35-50mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 70-100mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 145-200mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
If you are printing with a 0.2 layer height, you can increase these values by 25% and similarly reduce if printing with lower.
|
||||
|
||||
**The second factor is your extruder's mechanical abilities.** Direct drive extruders with a good grip on the filament typically are more responsive to extrusion rate changes. Similarly with stiff filaments. So, a Bowden printer or when printing softer material like TPU or soft PLAs like polyterra there is more opportunity for the extruder to slip or deviate from the desired extrusion amount due to mechanical grip or material deformation or just delay in propagating the pressure changes (in a Bowden setup).
|
||||
|
||||
**The final factor is the deviation introduced by pressure advance smooth time**, or equivalents in closed source firmware. The higher this value the larger the extrusion deviation from ideal. If you are using a direct drive extruder, reduce this value to 0.02 in your klipper firmware before tuning ERS, as a lower value results in lower deviations to mitigate. Then proceed to experimentaly tune ERS.
|
||||
|
||||
**So where does that leave us?**
|
||||
|
||||
Perform a test print with the above ERS settings as a starting point and adjust to your liking! If you notice budging on sharp overhangs where speed changes, like the hull of the benchy, reduce this value by 10% and try again.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're not noticing any artefacts, increase by 10%, but don’t go over the maximum values recommended above because then this feature would have no effect in your print.
|
||||
|
||||
## A note for Bowden printers using marlin without pressure advance.
|
||||
|
||||
If your printer is not equipped with pressure advance and, especially, if you are using a Bowden setup, you don’t have the benefit of pressure advance dynamically adjusting your flow.
|
||||
|
||||
In this special case, ERS will be doing all the heavy lifting that pressure advance would typically perform. In this scenario a low value of 8-10mm3/sec is usually recommended, irrespective of your acceleration settings, to smooth out pressure changes in the extrusion system as much as possible without impacting print speed too much.
|
||||
|
||||
## A note on ERS Segment length
|
||||
|
||||
Ideally you want this value set to 1 to allow for the largest number of steps between each speed transition. However, this may result in a too large of a gcode, with too many commands sent to your MCU per second and it may not be able to keep up. It will also slow down the Orca slicer front end as the sliced model is more complex to render.
|
||||
|
||||
For Klipper printers, a segment length of 1 works OK as the RPI or similar have enough computational power to handle the gcode command volume.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, for a Bambu lab printer, a segment length of 1 works well. **However, if you do notice your printer stuttering or stalling** (which may be the case with the lower powered P1 series printers) **or getting "Timer too close" errors** in Klipper, **increase this value to 2 or 3**. This would reduce the effectiveness of the setting but will present a more manageable load to your printer.
|
||||
|
||||
## Limitations
|
||||
|
||||
**This feature can only work where speed changes are induced by the slicer** - for example when transitioning from fast to slow print moves when printing overhangs, bridges and from printing internal features to external features and vice versa.
|
||||
|
||||
However, it will not affect extruder behaviour when the printer is slowing down due to firmware commands - for example when turning around corners.
|
||||
|
||||
In this case, the printer slows down and then accelerates independently of what the slicer has requested. In this case, the slicer is commanding a consistent speed; however, the printer is adjusting this to operate within its printer kinematic limits (SCV/Jerk) and accelerations. As the slicer is not aware of this slow down, it cannot apply pre-emptive extrusion rate smoothing to the feature and instead, the changes are governed by the printer firmware exclusively.
|
||||
|
||||
## Credits
|
||||
|
||||
**Original feature authors and creators:** The Prusa Slicer team, including [@bubnikv](https://github.com/bubnikv), [@hejllukas](https://github.com/hejllukas).
|
||||
|
||||
**Enhanced by:** [@MGunlogson](https://github.com/MGunlogson), introducing the feature to external perimeters, enhancing it by taking into account travel, retraction and implementing near-contiguous extrusions pressure equalizer adjustments.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ported to Orca:** [@igiannakas](https://github.com/igiannakas).
|
||||
|
||||
**Enhanced by:** [@noisyfox](https://github.com/Noisyfox), per object pressure equalization and fixing calculation logic bugs.
|
||||
|
||||
**Wiki page:** [@igiannakas](https://github.com/igiannakas).
|
||||
|
||||
**Overall Orca owner and assurance:** [@softfever](https://github.com/SoftFever).
|
||||
|
||||
**Community testing and feedback:** [@HakunMatat4](https://github.com/HakunMatat4), [@psiberfunk](https://github.com/psiberfunk), [@u3dreal](https://github.com/u3dreal) and more.
|
||||
# Extrusion rate smoothing
|
||||
|
||||
Extrusion rate smoothing (ERS), also known as pressure equalizer in Prusa Slicer, aims to **limit the rate of extrusion volume change to be below a user set threshold (the ERS value).** It aims to assist the printer firmware internal motion planners, pressure advance in achieving the desired nozzle flow and reducing deviations against the ideal flow.
|
||||
|
||||
This happens by reducing the stresses put on the extrusion system as well as reducing the absolute deviations from the ideal extrusion flow caused by pressure advance smooth time.
|
||||
|
||||
This feature is especially helpful when printing at high accelerations and large flow rates as the deviations are larger in these cases.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Theory
|
||||
|
||||
Enabling this feature creates a small **speed "ramp"** by slowing down and ramping up print speeds prior to and after the features causing a sudden change in extrusion flow rate needs, such as overhangs and overhang perimeters.
|
||||
|
||||
This works by breaking down the printed line segments into smaller "chunks", proportional to the ERS segment length, and reduces the print speed of these segments so that the **requested extrusion volumetric flow rate change is less than or equal to the ERS threshold**.
|
||||
|
||||
In summary, **it takes the "edge" off rapid extrusion changes caused by acceleration/deceleration as these are now spread over a longer distance and time.** Therefore, it can reduce wall artefacts that show when the print speeds change suddenly. These artefacts are occuring because the extruder and firmware cannot perfectly adhere to the requested by the slicer flow rates, especially when the extrusion rate is changing rapidly.
|
||||
|
||||
**The example below shows the artefact that is mitigated by ERS.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The bulging visible above is due to the extruder not being able to respond fast enough against the required speed change when printing with high accelerations and high speeds and requested to slow down for an overhang.
|
||||
|
||||
In the above scenario, the printer (Bambu Lab X1 Carbon) was requested to slow down from a 200mm/sec print speed to 40mm/sec at an acceleration of 5k/sec2. **The extruder could not keep up with the pressure change, resulting in a slight bump ahead at the point of speed change.**
|
||||
|
||||
This parameter interacts with the below printer kinematic settings and physical limits:
|
||||
|
||||
**1. The limits of the extruder system** - how fast can it change pressure in the nozzle
|
||||
|
||||
**2. The configured pressure advance values** - that also affect pressure changes in the nozzle
|
||||
|
||||
**3. The acceleration profile of the printer** - higher accelerations mean higher pressure changes
|
||||
|
||||
**4. The pressure advance smooth time (klipper)** - higher smooth time means higher deviation from ideal extrusion, hence more opportunity for this feature to be useful.
|
||||
|
||||
### Acceleration vs. Extrusion rate smoothing
|
||||
|
||||
A printer's motion system does not exactly follow the speed changes seen in the gcode preview screen of Orca
|
||||
slicer.
|
||||
|
||||
When a speed change is requested, the firmware look ahead planner calculates the slow down needed to achieve the target speed. The rate of slowdown is limited by the move's acceleration value.
|
||||
|
||||
**Lets consider an example.** Assume printing an overhang wall with **2k external wall acceleration**, were the printer is called to slow down from **200mm/sec to 40mm/sec**.
|
||||
|
||||
This deceleration move would happen over approximately 9.6mm. This is derived from the following equation:
|
||||
|
||||
Where:
|
||||
|
||||
- vf = final speed.
|
||||
- vi = initial speed.
|
||||
- a = acceleration (in this case, it will be negative as it's a deceleration).
|
||||
- d = distance.
|
||||
|
||||
```math
|
||||
d = \frac{v_f^2 - v_i^2}{2a}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The time taken to decelerate to this new speed would be approx. 0.08 seconds, derived from the following equation:
|
||||
|
||||
```math
|
||||
t = \frac{v_f - v_i}{a}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
A printer printing at 200mm/sec with a 0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height would be extruding plastic at approx. 12.16mm3/sec, as can also be seen from the below visual.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When the printer is extruding at 40mm/sec with the same line width and layer height as above, the flow rate is 2.43mm3/sec.
|
||||
|
||||
So what we are asking the extruder to do in this example is **slow down from 12.16mm3/sec flow to 2.43mm3/sec flow in 0.08 seconds** or an extrusion change rate of 121mm3/sec2.
|
||||
|
||||
**This value is proportional to the acceleration of the printer. At 4k this value doubles, at 1k it is half and is independent of the speed of movement or starting and ending speeds.**
|
||||
|
||||
**This value is also proportional to the line width - double the line width will result in double the extrusion rate change and vice versa. Same for layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
So, continuing with the worked example, a 2k acceleration produces an extrusion rate change ramp of 121mm3/sec2. **Therefore, setting a value higher than this would not bring any benefit to the print quality as the motion system would slow down less aggressively based on its acceleration settings.**
|
||||
|
||||
**Therefore, the acceleration values act as a meaningfull upper limit to this setting.** An indicative set of values has been provided later in this page.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pressure advance vs extrusion rate smoothing
|
||||
|
||||
Then we need to consider pressure advance and smooth time as factors that influence extrusion rate.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pressure Advance** adjusts the extruder's speed to account for the pressure changes inside the hot end’s melt zone. When the print head moves and extrudes filament, there's a delay between the movement of the extruder gear and the plastic being extruded due to the compressibility of the molten plastic in the hot end. This delay can cause too much plastic to be extruded when the print head starts moving or not enough plastic when the print head stops, leading to issues like blobbing or under-extrusion.
|
||||
|
||||
**Pressure Advance Smooth time** helps to mitigate potential negative effects on print quality due to the rapid changes in extruder flow rate, which are controlled by the Pressure Advance algorithm. This parameter essentially adds a smoothing effect to the adjustments made by Pressure Advance, aiming to prevent sharp or sudden changes in the extrusion rate.
|
||||
|
||||
When Pressure Advance adjusts the extruder speed to compensate for the pressure build-up or reduction in the hot end, it can lead to abrupt changes in the flow rate. These abrupt changes can potentially cause issues like:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Extruder motor skipping,
|
||||
2. Increased wear on the extruder gear and filament,
|
||||
3. Visible artifacts on the print surface due to non-uniform extrusion.
|
||||
|
||||
The smooth time setting introduces a controlled delay over which the Pressure Advance adjustments are spread out. This results in a more gradual application or reduction of extrusion pressure, leading to smoother transitions in filament flow.
|
||||
|
||||
The trade-off is extrusion accuracy. There is a deviation between the requested extrusion amount and the actual extrusion amount due to this smoothing.
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Increasing Smooth Time:** Leads to more gradual changes in extrusion pressure. While this can reduce artifacts and stress on the extruder system, setting it too high may diminish the effectiveness of Pressure Advance, as the compensation becomes too delayed to counteract the pressure dynamics accurately.
|
||||
|
||||
**2. Decreasing Smooth Time:** Makes the Pressure Advance adjustments more immediate, which can improve the responsiveness of pressure compensation but may also reintroduce abrupt changes in flow rate, potentially leading to the issues mentioned above.
|
||||
|
||||
In essence, **pressure advance smooth time creates an intentional deviation from the ideal extruder rotation** and, therefore, extrusion amount, to allow the printer's extruder to perform within its mechanical limits. Typically, this value is set to 0.04sec, which means that when Pressure Advance adjusts the extruder's flow rate to compensate for changes in pressure within the hot end, these adjustments are spread out over a period of 0.04 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a great example of pressure advance smooth time induced deviations in [this Klipper forum post](https://klipper.discourse.group/t/pressure-advance-smooth-time-skews-pressure-advance/13451) that is worth a read to get more insight in this trade-off.
|
||||
|
||||
In the worked example above, **we need to set an Extrusion Rate smoothing value enough to decrease the error introduced by pressure advance smooth time against the produced output flow.** The lower the extrusion rate smoothing value, the lower the changes in flow over time hence the lower the absolute deviation from the ideal extrusion caused by the smooth time algorithm. However, going too low will result in a material decrease in overall print speed, as the print speed will be materially reduced to achieve low extrusion deviations between features, for no real benefit after a point.
|
||||
|
||||
**The best way to find what the lower beneficial limit is through experimentation.** Print an object with sharp overhangs that are slowed down because off the overhang print speed settings and observe for extrusion inconsistencies.
|
||||
|
||||
## Finding the ideal Extrusion Rate smoothing value
|
||||
|
||||
**Firstly, this value needs to be lower than the extrusion rate changes resulting from the acceleration profile of the printer.** As, generally, the greatest impact is in external wall finish, use your external perimeter acceleration as a point of reference.
|
||||
|
||||
**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. 30mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 60.5mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 121mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 242mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.42 line width and 0.20 layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. 38mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 76mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 150mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 300mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
**Below are some approximate ERS values for 0.45 line width and 0.16 layer height.**
|
||||
|
||||
1. 32mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 65mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 129mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 260mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
**So, your tuning starting point needs to be an ERS value that is less than this.** A good point experiment with test prints would be **a value of 60-80%** of the above maximum values. This will give some meaningful assistance to pressure advance, reducing the deviation introduced by pressure advance smooth time. The greater the smooth time, the greater the quality benefit will be.
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, for a **0.42 line width and 0.16 layer height**, the below are a recommended set of starting ERS values
|
||||
|
||||
1. 18-25mm3/sec for 0.5k acceleration
|
||||
2. 35-50mm3/sec for 1k acceleration
|
||||
3. 70-100mm3/sec2 for 2k acceleration
|
||||
4. 145-200mm3/sec2 for 4k acceleration
|
||||
|
||||
If you are printing with a 0.2 layer height, you can increase these values by 25% and similarly reduce if printing with lower.
|
||||
|
||||
**The second factor is your extruder's mechanical abilities.** Direct drive extruders with a good grip on the filament typically are more responsive to extrusion rate changes. Similarly with stiff filaments. So, a Bowden printer or when printing softer material like TPU or soft PLAs like polyterra there is more opportunity for the extruder to slip or deviate from the desired extrusion amount due to mechanical grip or material deformation or just delay in propagating the pressure changes (in a Bowden setup).
|
||||
|
||||
**The final factor is the deviation introduced by pressure advance smooth time**, or equivalents in closed source firmware. The higher this value the larger the extrusion deviation from ideal. If you are using a direct drive extruder, reduce this value to 0.02 in your klipper firmware before tuning ERS, as a lower value results in lower deviations to mitigate. Then proceed to experimentaly tune ERS.
|
||||
|
||||
**So where does that leave us?**
|
||||
|
||||
Perform a test print with the above ERS settings as a starting point and adjust to your liking! If you notice budging on sharp overhangs where speed changes, like the hull of the benchy, reduce this value by 10% and try again.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're not noticing any artefacts, increase by 10%, but don’t go over the maximum values recommended above because then this feature would have no effect in your print.
|
||||
|
||||
## A note for Bowden printers using marlin without pressure advance
|
||||
|
||||
If your printer is not equipped with pressure advance and, especially, if you are using a Bowden setup, you don’t have the benefit of pressure advance dynamically adjusting your flow.
|
||||
|
||||
In this special case, ERS will be doing all the heavy lifting that pressure advance would typically perform. In this scenario a low value of 8-10mm3/sec is usually recommended, irrespective of your acceleration settings, to smooth out pressure changes in the extrusion system as much as possible without impacting print speed too much.
|
||||
|
||||
## A note on ERS Segment length
|
||||
|
||||
Ideally you want this value set to 1 to allow for the largest number of steps between each speed transition. However, this may result in a too large of a gcode, with too many commands sent to your MCU per second and it may not be able to keep up. It will also slow down the Orca slicer front end as the sliced model is more complex to render.
|
||||
|
||||
For Klipper printers, a segment length of 1 works OK as the RPI or similar have enough computational power to handle the gcode command volume.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, for a Bambu lab printer, a segment length of 1 works well. **However, if you do notice your printer stuttering or stalling** (which may be the case with the lower powered P1 series printers) **or getting "Timer too close" errors** in Klipper, **increase this value to 2 or 3**. This would reduce the effectiveness of the setting but will present a more manageable load to your printer.
|
||||
|
||||
## Limitations
|
||||
|
||||
**This feature can only work where speed changes are induced by the slicer** - for example when transitioning from fast to slow print moves when printing overhangs, bridges and from printing internal features to external features and vice versa.
|
||||
|
||||
However, it will not affect extruder behaviour when the printer is slowing down due to firmware commands - for example when turning around corners.
|
||||
|
||||
In this case, the printer slows down and then accelerates independently of what the slicer has requested. In this case, the slicer is commanding a consistent speed; however, the printer is adjusting this to operate within its printer kinematic limits (SCV/Jerk) and accelerations. As the slicer is not aware of this slow down, it cannot apply pre-emptive extrusion rate smoothing to the feature and instead, the changes are governed by the printer firmware exclusively.
|
||||
|
||||
## Credits
|
||||
|
||||
**Original feature authors and creators:** The Prusa Slicer team, including [@bubnikv](https://github.com/bubnikv), [@hejllukas](https://github.com/hejllukas).
|
||||
|
||||
**Enhanced by:** [@MGunlogson](https://github.com/MGunlogson), introducing the feature to external perimeters, enhancing it by taking into account travel, retraction and implementing near-contiguous extrusions pressure equalizer adjustments.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ported to Orca:** [@igiannakas](https://github.com/igiannakas).
|
||||
|
||||
**Enhanced by:** [@noisyfox](https://github.com/Noisyfox), per object pressure equalization and fixing calculation logic bugs.
|
||||
|
||||
**Wiki page:** [@igiannakas](https://github.com/igiannakas).
|
||||
|
||||
**Overall Orca owner and assurance:** [@softfever](https://github.com/SoftFever).
|
||||
|
||||
**Community testing and feedback:** [@HakunMatat4](https://github.com/HakunMatat4), [@psiberfunk](https://github.com/psiberfunk), [@u3dreal](https://github.com/u3dreal) and more.
|
||||
BIN
doc/print_settings/strength/infill_desc_calculator.xlsx
Normal file
BIN
doc/print_settings/strength/infill_desc_calculator.xlsx
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
335
doc/print_settings/strength/strength_settings_infill.md
Normal file
335
doc/print_settings/strength/strength_settings_infill.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
|
|||
# Infill
|
||||
|
||||
Infill is the internal structure of a 3D print, providing strength and support. It can be adjusted to balance material usage, print time, and part strength.
|
||||
|
||||
## Sparse infill density
|
||||
|
||||
Density usually should be calculated as a % of the total infill volume, not the total print volume.
|
||||
Higher density increases strength but also material usage and print time. Lower density saves material and time but reduces strength.
|
||||
|
||||
Nevertheless, **not all patterns interpret density the same way**, so the actual material usage may vary. You can see each pattern's material usage in the [Sparse Infill Pattern](#sparse-infill-pattern) section.
|
||||
|
||||
## Sparse Infill Pattern
|
||||
|
||||
Infill patterns determine how material is distributed within a print. Different patterns can affect strength, flexibility, and print speed using the same density setting.
|
||||
|
||||
There is no one-size-fits-all solution, as the best pattern depends on the specific print and its requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
Many patterns may look similar and have similar overall specifications, but they can behave very differently in practice.
|
||||
As most settings in 3D printing, experience is the best way to determine which pattern works best for your specific needs.
|
||||
|
||||
| Infill | X-Y Strength | Z Strength | Material Usage | Print Time |
|
||||
|---------------------------------------------|--------------|-------------|----------------|-------------|
|
||||
| [Concentric](#concentric) | Low | Normal | Normal | Normal |
|
||||
| [Rectilinear](#rectilinear) | Normal-Low | Low | Normal | Normal |
|
||||
| [Grid](#grid) | High | High | Normal | Normal |
|
||||
| [2D Lattice](#2d-lattice) | Normal-Low | Low | Normal | Normal |
|
||||
| [Line](#line) | Low | Low | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
| [Cubic](#cubic) | High | High | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
| [Triangles](#triangles) | High | Normal | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
| [Tri-hexagon](#tri-hexagon) | High | Normal-High | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
| [Gyroid](#gyroid) | High | High | Normal | Normal-High |
|
||||
| [TPMS-D](#tpms-d) | High | High | Normal | High |
|
||||
| [Honeycomb](#honeycomb) | High | High | High | Ultra-High |
|
||||
| [Adaptive Cubic](#adaptive-cubic) | Normal-High | Normal-High | Low | Low |
|
||||
| [Aligned Rectilinear](#aligned-rectilinear) | Normal-Low | Normal | Normal | Normal |
|
||||
| [2D Honeycomb](#2d-honeycomb) | Normal-Low | Normal-Low | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
| [3D Honeycomb](#3d-honeycomb) | Normal-High | Normal-High | Normal-Low | High |
|
||||
| [Hilbert Curve](#hilbert-curve) | Low | Normal | Normal | High |
|
||||
| [Archimedean Chords](#archimedean-chords) | Low | Normal | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
| [Octagram Spiral](#octagram-spiral) | Low | Normal | Normal | Normal-High |
|
||||
| [Support Cubic](#support-cubic) | Low | Low | Extra-Low | Extra-Low |
|
||||
| [Lightning](#lightning) | Low | Low | Ultra-Low | Ultra-Low |
|
||||
| [Cross Hatch](#cross-hatch) | Normal-High | Normal-High | Normal | Normal-High |
|
||||
| [Quarter Cubic](#quarter-cubic) | High | High | Normal | Normal-Low |
|
||||
|
||||
> [!NOTE]
|
||||
> You can download [infill_desc_calculator.xlsx](https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer/blob/main/doc/print_settings/strength/infill_desc_calculator.xlsx?raw=true) used to calculate the values above.
|
||||
|
||||
### Concentric
|
||||
|
||||
Fills the area with progressively smaller versions of the outer contour, creating a concentric pattern. Ideal for 100% infill or flexible prints.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Rectilinear
|
||||
|
||||
Parallel lines spaced according to infill density. Each layer is printed perpendicular to the previous, resulting in low vertical bonding.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Low
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Grid
|
||||
|
||||
Two-layer pattern of perpendicular lines, forming a grid. Overlapping points may cause noise or artifacts.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2D Lattice
|
||||
|
||||
Low-strength pattern with good flexibility. Angle 1 and angle 2 TBD.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Low
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Line
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to [rectilinear](#rectilinear), but each line is slightly rotated to improve print speed.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Low
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Cubic
|
||||
|
||||
3D cube pattern with corners facing down, distributing force in all directions. Triangles in the horizontal plane provide good X-Y strength.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Triangles
|
||||
|
||||
Triangle-based grid, offering strong X-Y strength but with triple overlaps at intersections.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Tri-hexagon
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to the [triangles](#triangles) pattern but offset to prevent triple overlaps at intersections. This design combines triangles and hexagons, providing excellent X-Y strength.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Gyroid
|
||||
|
||||
Mathematical, isotropic surface providing equal strength in all directions. Excellent for strong, flexible prints and resin filling due to its interconnected structure.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### TPMS-D
|
||||
|
||||
Triply Periodic Minimal Surface - D. Hybrid between [Cross Hatch](#cross-hatch) and [Gyroid](#gyroid), combining rigidity and smooth transitions. Isotropic and strong in all directions.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Honeycomb
|
||||
|
||||
Hexagonal pattern balancing strength and material use. Double walls in each hexagon increase material consumption.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** High
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Ultra-High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Extra Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Adaptive Cubic
|
||||
|
||||
[Cubic](#cubic) pattern with adaptive density: denser near walls, sparser in the center. Saves material and time while maintaining strength, ideal for large prints.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** Same as [Cubic](#cubic) but reduced in the center
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Low
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Aligned Rectilinear
|
||||
|
||||
Parallel lines spaced by the infill spacing, each layer printed in the same direction as the previous layer. Good horizontal strength perpendicular to the lines, but terrible in parallel direction.
|
||||
Recommended with layer anchoring to improve not perpendicular strength.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2D Honeycomb
|
||||
|
||||
Vertical Honeycomb pattern. Acceptable torsional stiffness. Developed for low densities structures like wings. Improve over [2D Lattice](#2d-lattice) offers same performance with lower densities.This infill includes a Overhang angle parameter to improve interlayer point of contact and reduce the risk of delamination.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3D Honeycomb
|
||||
|
||||
This infill tries to generate a printable honeycomb structure by printing squares and octagons mantaining a vertical angle high enough to mantian contact with the previous layer.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** Unknown
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Print Time:** High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Extra Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Hilbert Curve
|
||||
|
||||
Hilbert Curve is a space-filling curve that can be used to create a continuous infill pattern. It is known for its Esthetic appeal and ability to fill space efficiently.
|
||||
Print speed is very low due to the complexity of the path, which can lead to longer print times. It is not recommended for structural parts but can be used for Esthetic purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Extra Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Archimedean Chords
|
||||
|
||||
Spiral pattern that fills the area with concentric arcs, creating a smooth and continuous infill. Can be filled with resin thanks to its interconnected hollow structure, which allows the resin to flow through it and cure properly.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal-High
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Octagram Spiral
|
||||
|
||||
Esthetic pattern with low strength and high print time.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Support Cubic
|
||||
|
||||
Support |Cubic is a variation of the [Cubic](#cubic) infill pattern that is specifically designed for support top layers. Will use more material than Lightning infill but will provide better strength. Nevertheless, it is still a low-density infill pattern.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Low
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of layer before top shell layers
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Extra-Low
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Extra-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Lightning
|
||||
|
||||
Ultra-fast, ultra-low material infill. Designed for speed and efficiency, ideal for quick prints or non-structural prototypes.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Low
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Low
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of layer before top shell layers
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Ultra-Low
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Ultra-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Extra Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Cross Hatch
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to [Gyroid](#gyroid) but with linear patterns, creating weak points at internal corners.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-High
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Low
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Quarter Cubic
|
||||
|
||||
[Cubic](#cubic) pattern with extra internal divisions, improving X-Y strength.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Horizontal Strength (X-Y):** High
|
||||
- **Vertical Strength (Z):** High
|
||||
- **Density Calculation:** % of total infill volume
|
||||
- **Material Usage:** Normal
|
||||
- **Print Time:** Normal-Low
|
||||
- **Material/Time (Higher better):** Normal
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue